Depression In Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Articles

Depression in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Prevalence and Effects on Disease Activity.

Background:The primary objective of this study was to estimate depression's prevalence in a cohort of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and the secondary objective was to evaluate the impact of depression on disease activity over time. Methods: We included all patients with RA presenting to our clinic from 2019 to 2020, who had three follow-up visits available. Depression prevalence was calculated using the patient's history of diagnosed depression, and disease activity was assessed using the disease activity score for 28 joints (DAS28) and its components: tender joint count (TJC), swollen joint count (SJC), pain value on a visual analog scale (VAS), and inflammatory markers. Results: A total of 400 RA patients were included, 75 of whom had diagnosed depression, generating a prevalence of 18.8%. The mean values of DAS28 and its components were higher, with statistical significance, in the depression subgroup at all three follow-ups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Depression is prevalent in the RA population, and leads to higher disease activity in dynamic evaluations. Assessing depression could be a psychological marker for RA prognosis with an important outcome in controlling disease activity.

Hyperactive lateral habenula mediates the comorbidity between rheumatoid arthritis and depression-like behaviors

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have a high prevalence for depression. On the other hand, comorbid with depression is associated with worse prognosis for RA. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms for the comorbidity between RA and depression. It remains to be elucidated which brain region is critically involved in the development of depression in RA, and whether alterations in the brain may affect pathological development of RA symptoms. Here, by combining clinical and animal model studies, we show that in RA patients, the level of depression is significantly correlated with the severity of RA disease activity and affects patients’ quality of life. The collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) mouse model of RA also develops depression-like behaviors, accompanied by hyperactivity and alterations in gene expression reflecting cerebrovascular disruption in the lateral habenula (LHb), a brain region critical for processing negative valence. Importantly, inhibition of the LHb not only alleviates depression-like behaviors, but also results in rapid remission of RA symptoms and amelioration of RA-related pathological changes. Together, our study highlights a critical but previously overlooked contribution of hyperactive LHb to the comorbidity between RA and depression, suggesting that targeting LHb in conjunction with RA treatments may be a promising strategy for RA patients comorbid with depression.

Association between laughter, frailty, and depression in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

This study aimed to determine whether there are associations between laughter, disease activity, frailty, and depression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. A total of 240 patients were included in this prospective cohort study on frailty in RA patients between March 2021 and June 2022. Patients were divided into the following four groups according to the frequency of laughter: "almost every day," "1-5 days per week," "1-3 days per month," and "never or almost never." Patient characteristics were compared among the four groups by analysis of variance. Factors associated with laughter were identified by multivariable logistic analysis. The mean 28-joint Disease Activity Score using CRP was 1.91, with 70.7% of patients in remission and 12.6% in low disease activity. For the "almost every day" (42.5% of patients), "1-5 days per week" (40.0%), "1-3 days per month" (11.3%), and "never or almost never" (6.3%) groups, scores of the Kihon Checklist (KCL) for assessing frailty status were 3.5, 4.6, 7.3, and 8.1 (p < .001), respectively, and scores of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) were 8.4, 10.7, 15.1, and 16.5 (p < .001), respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed that KCL (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73-0.90) and BDI-II (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.95) scores were independently associated with the frequency of laughter. Frailty and depression were associated with laughter in RA patients with controlled disease activity. Interventions aimed at not only disease activity control but also frailty prevention may lead to a life filled with laughter.

Immune mechanisms of depression in rheumatoid arthritis.

Depression is a common and disabling comorbidity in rheumatoid arthritis that not only decreases the likelihood of remission and treatment adherence but also increases the risk of disability and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Compelling data that link immune mechanisms to major depressive disorder indicate possible common mechanisms that drive the pathology of the two conditions. Preclinical evidence suggests that pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis, have various effects on monoaminergic neurotransmission, neurotrophic factors and measures of synaptic plasticity. Neuroimaging studies provide insight into the consequences of inflammation on the brain (for example, on neural connectivity), and clinical trial data highlight the beneficial effects of immune modulation on comorbid depression. Major depressive disorder occurs more frequently in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in the general population, and major depressive disorder also increases the risk of a future diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, further highlighting the link between rheumatoid arthritis and major depressive disorder. This Review focuses on interactions between peripheral and central immunobiological mechanisms in the context of both rheumatoid arthritis and major depressive disorder. Understanding these mechanisms will provide a basis for future therapeutic development, not least in depression.

Are diet and exercise associated with depression in rheumatoid arthritis patients?

Abstract Background Although depression is a common comorbidity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), little is known about a potential treatment strategy. Current studies of dietary improvement for depression have recently emerged in the general population, but have hardly any coverage in RA. Also, less exercise increases the number of people experiencing depression, and current studies showed that most RA patients are physically inactive. Thus, our study aimed to identify the potential factors associated with depression in RA patients. Methods We included 157 RA patients (84.7% female; mean age 56.43±13.9 years; mean disease duration 19.53±9.54 years). All participants completed the General Health Questionnaire - 28, the Visual Analogue Scale Pain, the 36-item Short Form Health Survey, the Physical Activity Scale, and the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Correlations and multiple linear regressions were used to analyse the data. Results Bivariate analyses showed a significant association between disease activity (.25; p ≤ 0.01), functional disability (.22; p ≤ 0.01), pain (.35; p ≤ 0.001), fatigue (-.45; p ≤ 0.001), physical inactivity (-.19; p ≤ 0.05), frequent consumption of fried foods (-.22; p ≤ 0.01) and depression. No other foods were associated with depression in RA. The multiple regression analyses showed that disease activity, fatigue, and fried foods consumption were significantly associated with depression in the final model. However, the association between physical activity and depression was no longer significant using multivariate models. Explained variance in the final regression model was 27.6%. Conclusions It appears that frequent consumption of fried foods is associated with depression in RA when controlled for sociodemographic and clinical variables. Further research on specific dietary habits and underlying mechanisms in the gut-brain axis may help to develop treatment options for the prevention of psychological distress in RA. (Grant: VEGA: 1/0748/22; APVV-15-0719) Key messages • Non-pharmacological intervention for reducing depression should target the patient's diet. • Frequent consumption of fried food may influence depression more significantly than physical inactivity.

Comparison and potential determinants of health-related quality of life among rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and spondyloarthritis: A cross-sectional study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the health-related quality of life scores among rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and spondyloarthritis and to evaluate socio-demographic and clinical determinantes of quality of life across diseases. MethodsThe sample comprised 490 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 198 with psoriatic arthritis, and 119 with spondyloarthritis who completed a series of health examinations and self-reported questionnaires. Quality of life was evaluated using the Short-Form 36 Health Survey, disease activity by DAS28-CRP, DAPSA, and ASDAS-CRP (for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and spondyloarthritis, respectively), depression and anxiety using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. ANOVA was used to compare the quality of life dimensions and their physical and mental summary measures among rheumatic diseases, and multivariate analysis was used to explore their potential determinants. ResultsRheumatoid arthritis had significantly worse scores than spondyloarthritis in the following dimensions: physical functioning, role limitation due to physical health, physical component score, and mental health. Psoriatic arthritis was not significantly different from the other two diseases. Multivariate analysis revealed that physical quality of life was mainly associated with disease activity across rheumatic diseases, rheumatological treatment and depression in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Mental quality of life is primarily associated with depression and anxiety across rheumatic diseases. ConclusionThere were differences in quality of life among patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases, but overall, approximately uniform factors explained the variance in quality of life across diseases. Clinicians should develop general approaches and strategies for inflammatory rheumatic diseases to improve patients' quality of life.

Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Diagnostic Challenges, Pathogenic Mechanisms and their Role in Depression and Management.

Depression being a common comorbidity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is found to be responsible for the reduction in the lifespan of the sufferer along with the compromised quality of life. The study quoted below highlights the pathogenic pathways, the frequency of RA along with its impact on patients, thus, raising awareness about the concerned topic. It is found that the chances and frequency of developing depression are 2-3 times higher in patients with RA in comparison to the general population. For such studies, self-reported questionnaires along with proper screening of inclusion and exclusion criteria have been employed which helped in a better comparative study of the topic. As per a report from a meta-analysis, 16.8% of patients with RA have been observed to develop severe depression. According to recent research in the related field, the hypothesis of the role of immune-mediated processes and their role in brain networks and inflammation has been found to be engaged in the progression and pathophysiology of depression in patients with RA. Autoimmune mechanisms and cytokines are found to play an essential role in coordination for initiating and sustaining the disorder. Involvement of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α has been studied and analysed widely. A number of studies have shown a connection between depression and RA-related physical impairment, fatigue, and increased pain. Higher mortality, reduced treatment compliance, and more comorbidities effects increased suicide risk. It is also found that depression along with RA leads to hospitalizations, which in turn increase the cost of care for the patient. Hence, it could be stated that the study of depression in RA can be an important marker for the progression of RA and its prognosis. The latest treatment strategies for RA include management of symptoms and early disorder treatment The current review aims to investigate and bring the links between RA and its symptoms into the limelight, including the psycho-social, physiological, and neurological aspects along with their molecular mechanism, for a better discernment of the topic for the readers.

The prevalence and the effect of interferon -γ in the comorbidity of rheumatoid arthritis and depression

BackgroundDepression is the most common comorbidities associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We aimed to explore the mechanism of association between RA and depression. Methods120 subjects were enrolled and depression was diagnosed and assessed using DSM-5 and 24-item version of Hamilton Depression Scale. Pain intensity and joint function in patients with RA were assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and health assessment questionnaire (HAQ). Serum levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), kynurenine (KYN), tryptophan (TRP), and quinolinic acid (QUIN)were detected. In animal experiments, K/BxN mice with RA-like phenotype was used and depressive behavior was observed. The protein expression level of N-methyl -D- aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B) in the hippocampus was detected. ResultsIn this study, 36.67 % of patients with RA also had depression. The working status, month family income, tender joint count, the VAS and HAQ score were the main factors influencing the depression in RA patients. HAQ score was found to be an independent risk factor for depression in RA. Serum IDO, IFN-γ, KYN were increased and TRP contents were decreased in RA group. K/BxN mice with RA-like phenotype showed depressive behavior. However, injection of IFN-γ neutralizing antibody could inhibit kynurenine pathway and reverse the depressive behavior in mice. The levels of QUIN in the neurotoxic metabolic pathway were increased and N-methyl -D- aspartate receptors (NMDAR) were activated, which may be the mechanism behind the onset of depression. ConclusionsFrom clinical and preclinical aspects, the occurrence of depression in RA was explored and the related mechanism was revealed.

The Anxiety and Depression in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treating with Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Anxiety and depression are associated with the risk of illness, presence of physical symptoms, and poor health in the COVID-19 epidemic. Our aim is to assess the severity of anxiety and depression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is a longitudinal, hospital-based survey study including 102 RA patients receiving disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs with a mean of 55,2±11,9 years. Demographic data, educational status, marital status, employment status, economic status, patients with psychiatric disorders (with the use of prescribed medication for treatment), and medications were recorded. The severity of depression and anxiety were evaluated with the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory at the first and second visit of the follow-up during the pandemic period. The mean Beck depression inventory score was found to be higher in the conventional synthetic DMARDs group than in biological DMARDs (12,1±8,2 vs 11,6±9,2, p=0,554). 46 (65,7%) had mild to severe anxiety symptoms in RA patients treated with conventional synthetic DMARDs, on the first visit. There was no significant difference in anxiety and depression status between the first and second visits. The difference in anxiety and depression symptoms between RA patients receiving conventional synthetic and biological DMARDs does not attain statistical significance. Also, no significant differences were found in anxiety and depression scores in the comparisons for gender, education, marital, working, and economic status. The severity of depression and anxiety were higher in RA patients receiving conventional synthetic DMARDs and biological DMARDs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, RA patients are likely to experience anxiety and depression during the period of the pandemic.

Depression in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Narrative Review-Diagnostic Challenges, Pathogenic Mechanisms and Effects.

Depression is one of the most frequent comorbidities in rheumatoid arthritis (RA); it takes an important toll on the quality of life of these patients and also leads to a decrease in life expectancy. The current article is a narrative review on depression in RA, with the objective to emphasize and raise awareness on the high prevalence, pathogenic mechanisms, and effects that depression has on RA patients. In RA, the prevalence of depression has been shown to be 2 to 3 times higher than in the general population, with a meta-analysis reporting that 16.8% of RA patients have a major depressive disorder. Future studies are needed to determine the most accurate self-reported depression questionnaires and their ideal threshold for defining depression as compared to diagnostic interview as gold-standard for patients with RA to allow better comparisons across studies. The pathogenesis of depression remains to be fully understood, but recent specialty literature suggests that immune-mediated processes are involved and that there are similarities between the neural networks recruited in inflammation and those implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. Depression in patients with RA is associated with poor long-term outcomes. Multiple studies have shown that depression in RA is associated with increased pain, fatigue, and physical disability. It alters treatment compliance, causes more comorbidities, and leads to higher mortality, partly through increased suicide risk. Depression in RA also increases health service utilization and healthcare costs directly through hospitalization, but also indirectly through loss of work productivity. Assessing depression could be a significant psychomarker of rheumatological outcome in RA.

AB0281 THE 2016 REVISED ACR FIBROMYALGIA CRITERIA IDENTIFY A HIGHER PREVALENCE OF FIBROMYALGIA IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM INDIA.

BackgroundFibromyalgia (FM) prevalence in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is reported around 5-50% as per older American College of Rheumatology (ACR) FM Criteria, while in India reported around 15% (1). The Revised 2016 ACR FM criteria has greater sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 91% respectively compared to older criteria (2). To best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated presence of FM in RA as per revised 2016 ACR FM criteria.Objectives1) To study prevalence of FM as per revised 2016 ACR FM criteria in RA patients.2) To compare Disease activity, Disability status, Quality of life, Anxiety and Depression in RA with and without FM.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 200 RA patients and equal number of controls. FM was diagnosed using revised 2016 ACR FM Criteria. Disease activity, quality of life and functional disability in RA patients was assessed using disease activity scores (CDAI, SDAI, DAS-28 CRP, WHO-Qol BREF and Health Assessment Questionnaire CRD HAQ-DI). Presence of depression and anxiety was determined using validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).ResultsFM was present in 31% and 4% of RA patients and healthy controls respectively in our study using 2016 ACR FM criteria. This is significantly higher compared to the 15% and 2.5% in RA and healthy control populations respectively of the study by Dhir V. et studying a similar population of Indian patients, using 1990 ACR FM criteria. RA patients with FM were older, predominantly females, had longer disease duration, were more on steroids, had higher disease activity and more functional disability. In a multivariable linear regression analysis, FM was important predictor of DAS28 score &amp; CDAI, even after adjusting for other independent variable like disease duration, CRP, SJC, functional disability. RA patients with FM had a poorer quality of life and had higher prevalence of anxiety and depression. No difference was noted in use of disease modifying agents, biological or ts-DMARDs in RA patients with or without FM.Table 1.Characteristics of RA with FM and RA without FM patients.RA without FM (n=138)RA WITH FM (n=62)P VALUEMean ± sdMean ± sdAge, yrs.,47.17±12.4451.37±12.330.028Duration of RA4.1±3.596.46±6.090.006TJC, 0-284.57±2.866.87±3.08&lt;0.001SJC,0-282.3±2.373.37±2.870.011Pain VAS,0-10036.38±16.1655.24±11.18&lt;0.001ESR39.01±20.6746±20.390.028CRP11.61±11.1516.43±15.720.032CDAI14.6±6.6919.68±6.71&lt;0.001SDAI15.74±7.3321.34±7.48&lt;0.001DAS-28 CRP4.1±1.14.85±0.84&lt;0.001PDS,0-318.68±3.2216.27±2.33&lt;0.001Physical score*, 0–10054.83±12.1634.37±9.41&lt;0.001Psychological score, 0–10059.78±14.3439.84±12.74&lt;0.001Social score, 0–10060.68±12.7551.5±12.76&lt;0.001Environmental score, 0-10059.21±11.0449.35±9.73&lt;0.001CRD HAQ-DI1.04±0.641.8±1.03&lt;0.001Anxiety, n (%)23(17%)53(85%)&lt;0.001Depression, n (%)44(32%)59(95%)&lt;0.001TJC: tender joint count (28 joints); SJC: swollen joint count (28 joints); CDAI: Clinical disease activity index; SDAI: Simplified disease activity index; DAS 28: disease activity score (28 joints); PDS: Polysymptomatic distress score of fibromyalgia; *Domain scores of quality of life (WHO-Qol BREF).ConclusionThe prevalence of FM in RA patients is significantly higher with 2016 ACR FM Criteria as compared to older criteria in similar population of RA patients. A significant number of patients had anxiety and depression that needs to be clinically attended. The presence of FM in RA adversely affects the Disease activity, quality of life, functional disability.

Oxytocin and Depression in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Oxytocin and Depression in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Anxiety and depression are common in rheumatoid arthritis and correlate with poor quality of life in Indian patients.

ObjectivesWe planned this study to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and its correlation with quality of life (QOL) in these patients.Material and methodsEighty-eight patients (76 females) were included in this cross-sectional study. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess anxiety and depression. Quality of life was measured using the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF. The severity of pain was measured by 100-millimetre-long Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and functional disability was measured by using the Indian version of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). The disease activity was measured by Disease Activity Score for 28 joints with 3 variables.ResultsProbable anxiety and depression were seen in 61 (69%) and 68 (77%) of the patients, respectively. Patients with anxiety had more severe pain (VAS 53.8 ±26.4 vs. 39.7 ±26.1, p < 0.05), and significantly lower scores in all the 4 domains of the WHOQOL-BREF. Patients with depression had more pain (VAS 54.2 ±25.2 vs. 33.5 ±27.3, p < 0.01), higher HAQ scores (1.0 ±0.7 vs. 0.5 ±0.7, p < 0.01), and lower QOL scores. Both anxiety and depression scores had a negative correlation with all the 4 domains of the WHOQOL-BREF. Anxiety had a significant negative effect on psychological (β = –0.58, p < 0.001) and environmental domains (β = –0.39, p < 0.001), while depression had a significant negative effect on psychological (β = –0.57, p < 0.001) and environmental domains (β = –0.53, p < 0.001). Both anxiety and depression predicted more pain in RA patients (β = 0.24, p < 0.001 and β = 0.44, p < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsAnxiety and depression correlated with poor QOL in all 4 domains of the WHOQOL-BREF. Higher HADS scores had a negative effect on all the domains of the WHOQOL-BREF and predicted more severe pain in RA patients. Thus, patients with RA need to be screened and treated for underlying anxiety and depression to improve their QOL, pain, and functional status.

No difference in antidepressant prescription in rheumatoid arthritis and controls. Results from a population-based, matched inception cohort

Objective: Depression occurs at least two times more often in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients than in controls, but little is known about the treatment of depression in RA. The primary objective of this study was to compare the 1 year period prevalence of antidepressant prescription in patients with RA versus controls. Method: We included a retrospective inception cohort of 509 patients with incident RA and 2545 frequency-matched population controls ascertained from 1995 to 2002. The cohort was followed until 31 December 2017 and linked with nationwide Danish registers. From the Danish National Prescription Register, we obtained information on redeemed prescriptions of antidepressants (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical code N06A). Results: We did not demonstrate significant differences in the 1 year period prevalence ratios and the incidence rate ratios for either antidepressant prescription or the frequency of hospital admissions with depressive episode. The most frequent indication for antidepressant prescription in patients with RA was depression. Cox regression analyses showed no association between RA and antidepressant prescription. Conclusion: We found no significant differences in the occurrence of antidepressant prescription in patients with RA versus matched controls. The main indication for antidepressant prescription in RA was depression.

AB0167 PECULIARITIES OF INTERACTION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND DEPRESSION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Background:In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a high prevalence of depression and anxiety is observed, and the severity of these conditions depends on the degree of vitamin D deficiency. The role of the main mediator, with the help of which psychological and physical stress factors can contribute to the development of depression and systemic diseases, has been attributed to inflammation in recent years.Objectives:to assess the dependence of depressive disorders on vitamin D deficiency and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with RA.Methods:88 women with a reliable diagnosis of RA (mean age 54.2 ± 12.0 years old, disease duration 9.0 [3.5; 16.0] years) were under observation. Beck’s depression inventory (BDI-II) was used to assess the presence of depressive symptoms. ELISA test was used to measure serum cytokines (IL-1, IL-6) and serum 25(OH)D levels.Results:The presence of depression was found in 66% of patients with RA. An insufficient level of 25(OH)D (&lt;30 ng / ml) was determined in 89.8% of cases. In RA patients with no signs of depression, the level of 25(OH)D showed maximum values and significantly differed from that in the groups of patients with moderate (p = 0.028) and severe depression (p &lt;0.001). A negative correlation (r = -0.38, n = 88, p &lt;0.05) was established between the level of 25(OH)D and the severity of depression. A positive relationship was also found between 25(OH)D and ESR (r = 0.29, n = 73, p &lt;0.05) and a negative relationship with the number of painful joints (r = -0.29, n = 76, p &lt;0.05). Probably, vitamin D is indirectly involved in inflammatory processes in joints and in central sensitization, which provokes chronic pain and psychological disorders in patients with RA.The level of IL-6 in patients with RA with moderate and severe depression (n=18; 14.6 ± 6.7 pg/ml) significantly exceeded the parameters of patients with RA without depressive disorders (n=30; 9.8 ± 3.7; p = 0.003). There was also a tendency to increase IL-6 in the group of patients with moderate and severe depression compared with patients with mild depression (p = 0.06). IL-1β values significantly increased with the progression of depression (without depression – mild depression, p = 0.034; mild – moderate, p &lt;0.001; moderate – severe depression, p = 0.044). A positive correlation of average severity was revealed between the degree of depression (according to BDI-II) and the dose of glucocorticoids (GC) at the time of the study (r = 0.33, p = 0.002). An increase in the GC dose in the short term can aggravate depressive disorders in RA patients (Table 1).Table 1.Indicators of levels of depression and IL-1β depending on the dose of GCGroup I (n=26), without GCGroup II (n=45),GC &lt;10 mg / dayGroup III (n=17),GC ≥10 mg / dayDepression level according to BDI-II, points (Me [P25; P75])8,5[5;16]14[9;17]19[14;29] *III-IIL-1β level, pg / ml (M ± SD)4,57 ± 1,83*I-II6,04 ± 3,276,52 ± 5,16* - intergroup differences are reliable, p &lt;0.05Patients who used GC in a daily dose of ≥10 mg / day (group III) had a higher degree of depression compared to patients with RA from group I (z = -2.98; p = 0.003). In patients with RA in the first group, the level of IL-1β was significantly higher (pI-II = 0.039) than in patients with GC prescription in minimal doses (up to 10 mg / day) (Table 1). Glucocorticoid hormones suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines. As a rule, this effect is not observed in patients with depression. This fact may indicate a violation of homeostatic mechanisms. IL-1β is thought to be the first step in the pro-inflammatory response to psychological stress and is capable of inducing a subsequent cascade of other inflammatory cytokine responses.Conclusion:Restoring the normal level of 25(OH)D in the blood serum of patients with RA can positively affect psychological indicators by reducing the severity of depression and manifestations of pain. The activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines during stress and depression suggests that suppression of the inflammatory response can also reduce the symptoms of depression in RA patients.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Interleukin 6, interleukin 17, disease-related and contextual factor association with depression, and its severity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Depression is very prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with the general population and may be associated with poor clinical outcomes. Identifying factors associated with depression could improve outcomes for this at risk group. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the association of contextual and disease-related factors as well as pro inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 17 (IL-17) with depression in RA. Therefore, we aimed to identify the factors significantly associated with depression and severe depression in RA, thus providing a reference for applying clinical care interventions for patients with RA. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 RA patients. Potential determinants included contextual and disease-related factors and laboratory variables. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure serum IL-6 and IL-17 levels. Depression was assessed using the Arabic version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II questionnaire. A total of 120 patients were included, and up to 67.5% had some degree of depression with 60% having moderate to severe depression. The severity of disease activity of RA (DAS28-ESR (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 0.899-3.755), HAQ scores (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.702-2.933), and VAS scores for pain (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.251-5.223)), besides elevated serum IL-6 (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 0.832-3.475), IL-17 (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.706-2.947), and CRP levels (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.923-2.882) were significantly associated with depression and its severity in the multivariate analysis. Depression is frequent in RA and is strongly associated to elevated serum IL-6, IL-17, CRP levels, and disease activity-related factors. Key Points • RA patients are at increased risk of developing depression, particularly if their level of disease activity scores, serum IL-6, and IL-17 levels increases. • Patient characteristics associated with depression in RA include living without family, without employments, and with co-morbid hypertension, while RA disease factors are pain, functional disability, and high disease activity. • A multidisciplinary cooperative approach to RA patient care with regular assessments of these factors associated with depression should be incorporated into routine care programs to improve patients' self care capabilities and mitigate or prevent depression in these patients.

Brain TNF drives post-inflammation depression-like behavior and persistent pain in experimental arthritis

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis experience chronic pain, depression and fatigue, even when inflammation of the joints is well controlled. To study the relationship between arthritis, depression, and sustained pain when articular inflammation is no longer observed, we tested the hypothesis that brain TNF drives post-inflammation depression-like behavior and persistent pain in experimental arthritis. The murine model of antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) was used to evaluate the effects of knee inflammation on sustained pain and depression-like behavior. We measured joint pain using an automated dynamic plantar algesiometer and depression-like behavior with the tail suspension test. Cytokines were measured by Luminex assay and ELISA. TNF in the brain was blocked by intracerebroventricular injection of anti-TNF antibodies. Histological damage and elevated levels of cytokines were observed in the knee 24 h after antigen treatment, but not at 13 days. Reduced pain thresholds were seen 24 h and 13 days after treatment. Depression-like behavior was observed on day 13. Treatment with the antidepressant imipramine reduced both depression-like behavior and persistent pain. However, blocking joint pain with the analgesic dipyrone did not alter depression-like behavior. Elevated levels of TNF, CCL2, and CXCL-1 were observed in the hippocampus 24 h after treatment, with TNF remaining elevated at day 13. Intracerebroventricular infusion of an anti-TNF antibody blocked depression-like behavior and reduced persistent pain. We have demonstrated that depression-like behavior and pain is sustained in AIA mice after the resolution of inflammation. These changes are associated with elevated levels of TNF in the hippocampus and are dependent upon brain TNF. The findings reveal an important mechanistic link between the expression of chronic pain and depression in experimental arthritis. Furthermore, they suggest treating depression in rheumatoid arthritis may positively impact other debilitating features of this condition.

Frequency of depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Co morbid depression in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with higher levels of disease activity, pain, fatigue, work disability, health service use and lower treatment compliance. Objectives: To determine the frequency of depression among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Study Design: Cross sectional, descriptive study. Setting: Pain clinic, Outpatient department, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Period: Eight months from 10-11-2015 to 10-06-2016. Material &amp; Methods: The total 174 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were enrolled through the non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Results pertaining to rates were reported as frequencies and percentages. Pearson chi squared test was applied to identify the significant associations between study variables. Results: Among the total 174; (100%) study participants, depression was noted in 116; (66.7%) of participants. Forty-three (24.7%) of study participants were males and 131; (75.3%) were females. Calculated mean age of participants was 48.47 ± 8.09 years. Statistically significant associations of depression were noted with duration, treatment and symptom of rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusion: A high frequency of the depression was noted among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which was associated with poor outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis. This suggests that the optimal care of rheumatoid arthritis should include detection and management of depression.

Depression in rheumatoid arthritis patients: Screening for a frequent yet underestimated comorbidity

Aim of the workTo screen for depression and assess its frequency in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and to study its relation to clinical parameters, patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and disease activity. Patients and methodsThis study included 200 consecutive adult RA patients. Clinical and laboratory investigations were performed. PROs including tender and swollen joint count, patient’s estimated pain, patient global assessment (PGA), validated Arabic version of the health assessment questionnaire (HAQ-A) as well as physician global assessment were considered. The disease activity score (DAS28) and simplified erosion narrowing score (SENS) were calculated. Patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to detect depression. ResultsThe patients’ mean age was 41.3 ± 11.9 years and disease duration 6.6 ± 4.9 years, 79% were females and 21% males (F:M 3.8:1). Their mean DAS28 was 6 ± 1.7 and HAQ-A 1.9 ± 0.9. The mean PHQ-9 score was 7.6 ± 9.3. 45% of patients had depression; mild (3%), moderate (13%), moderate/severe (13%) and severe (16%) degrees. PHQ-9 significantly correlated with age, disease duration, morning stiffness, joint deformity, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and rheumatoid factor and negatively with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs usage (p = 0.002). All PROs and DAS28 significantly correlated with PHQ-9 (p < 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis showed that joint surgery (p = 0.004), steroid usage (p = 0.005), functional status (p < 0.0001) and joint damage (p < 0.0001) independently significantly increased the probability of depression occurrence. ConclusionDepression is common among rheumatoid arthritis patients. Periodic routine screening for depression in RA should be included in clinical practice to prevent poor outcomes and to adapt therapies to the specific situation of individual patients.

Epidemiology of Depression in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Systemic Sclerosis

Background: Depression is a major disabling factor around the world. Most of the mental disorders immediately affect the inner mood and cognitive aspect of individuals. Therefore, hiding the depression can delay the early diagnosis and, consequently, a proper treatment in the patients. Objectives: We designed the study to determine the association between rheumatoid diseases and depression. Methods: This is a descriptive - analytic study which was performed on 354 patients referred to Rheumatology Clinic of Ahvaz, a province in south west of Iran in 2016. Then demographic information, depression, quality of life and social support were completed based on standardized questionnaires filled by the patients. Results: The prevalence of depression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients was 61.63%, 73.52% and 60%, respectively. There is a meaningful relationship between depression, age and duration of disease in SSc patients. There is a significant relationship between depression and gender in SLE and RA patients. There is a significant relationship between depression and the degree of education of SLE patients. There is a meaningful relationship between depression and quality of life, social support and corticosteroid consumption. Conclusions: The prevalence of depression is very high in all three diseases, which is equal in terms of quality of life, social support and corticosteroid usage in all three diseases. Psychiatric disorders such as depression are common in rheumatic patients.